GNU Debugger (GDB) is an open-source debugger for GNU Systems. The debugger is portable and can be used for multiple languages as C/C++ and Fortran. It can be used for debugging programs by observing their states on specific breakpoints and even altering the flow or values for further execution. Usually, the GDB runs in command-line but several GUI has been developed for it as well.
In this article, we explore how to debug C programs using GDB in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa).
Prerequisites
- Ubuntu 20.04 system
- User with sudo privileges for renaming multiple files.
Note: The commands discussed in this article have been tested on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa).
Installing Packages
Install prerequisite GN packages for compiling and debugging. Run the following command in the terminal:
$ sudo apt install gcc gdb -y
C-Program example for debugging
Code
Before running, a program needs to be compiled. We are going to compile the following C code in the file main.c.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
for (int i=0; i<5; ++i) {
printf("Iterator: %d\n", i);
}
return 0;
}
Compile C Program using GCC
Usually, a C code is compiled in GCC using the following command:
$ gcc main.c -o bin
Another argument needs to be provided to include symbols in the binary. These symbols are used by GDB to track and debug the program. Run the following command in terminal to compile the C code:
$ gcc -g main.c -o bin
An executable file named bin will appear.
Execute the test program
The binary file named bin can be executed like any other executable file on a command-line interface. Use the following command to run it in terminal:
$ ./bin
The output of the code will appear.
Debugging an Application on Linux
Initiate Debugger
Run the GDB utility using following command in the terminal:
$ gdb bin
Press enter. The console for GDB terminal will appear. Enter the run command in this console to run the executable provided to the utility as an argument.
(gdb) run
Debug Breakpoints
Add Breakpoints
Breakpoints can be added in several ways. We will be adding a breakpoint on the printf function in our code. Run the following command in terminal to add a breakpoint:
(gdb) break printf
Alternatively, a line number can be used to add a breakpoint as well.
(gdb) break 6
Enter the run command and the program will stop at the breakpoint.
Step through Breakpoints
Use the command continue to continue the execution of the program.
(gdb) continue
There are two other commands for different purposes of continuing the execution of the program:
- Step: steps through the next machine instruction.
- Next: steps to through the next line of code.
Abbreviations of commands can also be used. Like abbreviation of continue command is c.
(gdb) c
Information About Breakpoints
Information about breakpoints can be observed using info command of gdb. Run the following command the terminal:
(gdb) info breakpoints
The information about breakpoints will appear.
Note: The number on the left of the breakpoint is used to refer to it by other commands.
Delete Breakpoints
A breakpoint can be deleted using the delete command and by referring to the breakpoint number observed in the output of the info utility.
(gdb) delete 1
Now the breakpoint has been deleted and if run, the program will execute straight to the end.
Watch Variables
Variables can be watched using the watch utility. First, we need to enter the scope in which the variable exists. For this purpose, add a breakpoint first using the following command:
(gdb) break 6
Then run the code that hits this breakpoint.
(gdb) r
Now we are in the loop where the variable i exists.
The watch command will be used to observe the previous and new value of the variable i in the loop.
(gdb) watch i
Now the breakpoint generated by watch command will appear in the list of breakpoints as well. The list of breakpoints can be shown using the following command:
(gdb) info breakpoints
Moreover, we do not need the breakpoint inserted earlier. It can be easily removed using the following command:
(gdb) delete 1
Now if continued, the code will view values whenever the variable has changed the value and show both old and new values.
(gdb) c
Further iterations of the program can be observed as well, using the same command.
Quit Debugger
Run the following command in the terminal to exit the debugger.
(gdb) quit
This close gdb utility and the default command-line prompt will appear.
Conclusion
In this article, we explored how to run and break a program in GDB. Moreover, it was also configured to break itself when the value of a variable has changed. We hope you can easily debug your programs in GDB after following this article.